source: vbox/trunk/doc/manual/en_US/user_GuestAdditions.xml@ 43970

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<chapter>
  <title id="guestadditions">Guest Additions</title>

  <para>The previous chapter covered getting started with VirtualBox and
  installing operating systems in a virtual machine. For any serious and
  interactive use, the VirtualBox Guest Additions will make your life much
  easier by providing closer integration between host and guest and improving
  the interactive performance of guest systems. This chapter describes the
  Guest Additions in detail.</para>

  <sect1>
    <title>Introduction</title>

        
    <para>As mentioned in <xref linkend="virtintro" />, the Guest Additions
    are designed to be installed <emphasis>inside</emphasis> a virtual machine
    after the guest operating system has been installed. They consist of
    device drivers and system applications that optimize the guest operating
    system for better performance and usability. Please see <xref
    linkend="guestossupport" /> for details on what guest operating systems
    are fully supported with Guest Additions by VirtualBox.</para>

    <para>The VirtualBox Guest Additions for all supported guest operating
    systems are provided as a single CD-ROM image file which is called
    <computeroutput>VBoxGuestAdditions.iso</computeroutput>. This image file
    is located in the installation directory of VirtualBox. To install the
    Guest Additions for a particular VM, you mount this ISO file in your VM as
    a virtual CD-ROM and install from there.</para>

    <para>The Guest Additions offer the following features:<glosslist>
        <glossentry>
          <glossterm>Mouse pointer integration</glossterm>

          <glossdef>
            <para>To overcome the limitations for mouse support that were
            described in <xref linkend="keyb_mouse_normal" />, this provides
            you with seamless mouse support. You will only have one mouse
            pointer and pressing the Host key is no longer required to "free"
            the mouse from being captured by the guest OS. To make this work,
            a special mouse driver is installed in the guest that communicates
            with the "real" mouse driver on your host and moves the guest
            mouse pointer accordingly.</para>
          </glossdef>
        </glossentry>

        <glossentry>
          <glossterm>Shared folders</glossterm>

          <glossdef>
            <para>These provide an easy way to exchange files between the host
            and the guest. Much like ordinary Windows network shares, you can
            tell VirtualBox to treat a certain host directory as a shared
            folder, and VirtualBox will make it available to the guest
            operating system as a network share, irrespective of whether guest
            actually has a network. For details, please refer to <xref
            linkend="sharedfolders" />.</para>
          </glossdef>
        </glossentry>

        <glossentry>
          <glossterm>Better video support</glossterm>

          <glossdef>
            <para>While the virtual graphics card which VirtualBox emulates
            for any guest operating system provides all the basic features,
            the custom video drivers that are installed with the Guest
            Additions provide you with extra high and non-standard video modes
            as well as accelerated video performance.</para>

            <para>In addition, with Windows, Linux and Solaris guests, you can
            resize the virtual machine's window if the Guest Additions are
            installed. The video resolution in the guest will be automatically
            adjusted (as if you had manually entered an arbitrary resolution
            in the guest's display settings). Please see <xref
            linkend="intro-resize-window" /> also.</para>

            <para>Finally, if the Guest Additions are installed, 3D graphics
            and 2D video for guest applications can be accelerated; see <xref
            linkend="guestadd-video" />.</para>
          </glossdef>
        </glossentry>

        <glossentry>
          <glossterm>Seamless windows</glossterm>

          <glossdef>
            <para>With this feature, the individual windows that are displayed
            on the desktop of the virtual machine can be mapped on the host's
            desktop, as if the underlying application was actually running on
            the host. See <xref linkend="seamlesswindows" /> for
            details.</para>
          </glossdef>
        </glossentry>

        <glossentry>
          <glossterm>Generic host/guest communication channels</glossterm>

          <glossdef>
            <para>The Guest Additions enable you to control and monitor guest
            execution in ways other than those mentioned above. The so-called
            "guest properties" provide a generic string-based mechanism to
            exchange data bits between a guest and a host, some of which have
            special meanings for controlling and monitoring the guest; see
            <xref linkend="guestadd-guestprops" /> for details.</para>

            <para>Additionally, applications can be started in a guest from
            the host; see <xref linkend="guestadd-guestcontrol" />.</para>
          </glossdef>
        </glossentry>

        <glossentry>
          <glossterm>Time synchronization</glossterm>

          <glossdef>
            <para>With the Guest Additions installed, VirtualBox can ensure
            that the guest's system time is better synchronized with that of
            the host.</para>

            <para>For various reasons, the time in the guest might run at a
            slightly different rate than the time on the host. The host could
            be receiving updates via NTP and its own time might not run
            linearly. A VM could also be paused, which stops the flow of time
            in the guest for a shorter or longer period of time. When the wall
            clock time between the guest and host only differs slightly, the
            time synchronization service attempts to gradually and smoothly
            adjust the guest time in small increments to either "catch up" or
            "lose" time. When the difference is too great (e.g., a VM paused
            for hours or restored from saved state), the guest time is changed
            immediately, without a gradual adjustment.</para>

            <para>The Guest Additions will re-synchronize the time regularly.
            See <xref linkend="changetimesync" /> for how to configure the
            parameters of the time synchronization mechanism.</para>
          </glossdef>
        </glossentry>

        <glossentry>
          <glossterm>Shared clipboard</glossterm>

          <glossdef>
            <para>With the Guest Additions installed, the clipboard of the
            guest operating system can optionally be shared with your host
            operating system; see <xref linkend="generalsettings" />.</para>
          </glossdef>
        </glossentry>

        <glossentry>
          <glossterm>Automated logons (credentials passing)</glossterm>

          <glossdef>
            <para>For details, please see <xref linkend="autologon" />.</para>
          </glossdef>
        </glossentry>
      </glosslist></para>

    <para>Each version of VirtualBox, even minor releases, ship with their own
    version of the Guest Additions. While the interfaces through which the
    VirtualBox core communicates with the Guest Additions are kept stable so
    that Guest Additions already installed in a VM should continue to work
    when VirtualBox is upgraded on the host, for best results, it is
    recommended to keep the Guest Additions at the same version.</para>

    <para>Starting with VirtualBox 3.1, the Windows and Linux Guest Additions
    therefore check automatically whether they have to be updated. If the host
    is running a newer VirtualBox version than the Guest Additions, a
    notification with further instructions is displayed in the guest.</para>

    <para>To disable this update check for the Guest Additions of a given
    virtual machine, set the value of its
    <computeroutput>/VirtualBox/GuestAdd/CheckHostVersion</computeroutput>
    guest property to <computeroutput>0</computeroutput>; see <xref
    linkend="guestadd-guestprops" /> for details.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Installing and Maintaining Guest Additions</title>

    <para>Guest Additions are available for virtual machines running Windows,
    Linux, Solaris or OS/2. The following sections describe the specifics of
    each variant in detail.</para>

    <sect2 id="additions-windows">
      <title>Guest Additions for Windows</title>

      <para>The VirtualBox Windows Guest Additions are designed to be
      installed in a virtual machine running a Windows operating system. The
      following versions of Windows guests are supported:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 (any service pack)</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Microsoft Windows 2000 (any service pack)</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Microsoft Windows XP (any service pack)</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Microsoft Windows Server 2003 (any service pack)</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Microsoft Windows Server 2008</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Microsoft Windows Vista (all editions)</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Microsoft Windows 7 (all editions)</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Microsoft Windows 8 (all editions)</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Microsoft Windows Server 2012</para>
        </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

      <sect3 id="mountingadditionsiso">
        <title>Installation</title>

        <para>In the "Devices" menu in the virtual machine's menu bar,
        VirtualBox has a handy menu item named "Install guest additions",
        which mounts the Guest Additions ISO file inside your virtual machine.
        A Windows guest should then automatically start the Guest Additions
        installer, which installs the Guest Additions into your Windows
        guest. When the download starts, the Network Operations Manager Window 
        appears</para>

        <note>
          <para>For the basic Direct3D acceleration to work in a Windows Guest, you
          have to install the Guest Additions in "Safe Mode".
          This does <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> apply to the experimental
          WDDM Direct3D video driver available
          for Vista and Windows 7 guests, see <xref linkend="KnownIssues" /> for
          details.<footnote><para>The experimental WDDM driver was added with
          VirtualBox 4.1.</para></footnote></para>
        </note>

        <para>If you prefer to mount the additions manually, you can perform
        the following steps:</para>

        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Start the virtual machine in which you have installed
            Windows.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Select "Mount CD/DVD-ROM" from the "Devices" menu in the
            virtual machine's menu bar and then "CD/DVD-ROM image". This
            brings up the Virtual Media Manager described in <xref
            linkend="vdis" />.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>In the Virtual Media Manager, press the "Add" button and
            browse your host file system for the
            <computeroutput>VBoxGuestAdditions.iso</computeroutput>
            file:<itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>On a Windows host, you can find this file in the
                  VirtualBox installation directory (usually under
                  <computeroutput>C:\Program
                  files\Oracle\VirtualBox</computeroutput> ).</para>
                </listitem>

                <listitem>
                  <para>On Mac OS X hosts, you can find this file in the
                  application bundle of VirtualBox. (Right click on the
                  VirtualBox icon in Finder and choose <emphasis>Show Package
                  Contents</emphasis>. There it is located in the
                  <computeroutput>Contents/MacOS</computeroutput>
                  folder.)</para>
                </listitem>

                <listitem>
                  <para>On a Linux host, you can find this file in the
                  <computeroutput>additions</computeroutput> folder under
                  where you installed VirtualBox (normally
                  <computeroutput>/opt/VirtualBox/</computeroutput>).</para>
                </listitem>

                <listitem>
                  <para>On Solaris hosts, you can find this file in the
                  <computeroutput>additions</computeroutput> folder under
                  where you installed VirtualBox (normally
                  <computeroutput>/opt/VirtualBox</computeroutput>).</para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist></para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Back in the Virtual Media Manager, select that ISO file and
            press the "Select" button. This will mount the ISO file and
            present it to your Windows guest as a CD-ROM.</para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>

        <para>Unless you have the Autostart feature disabled in your Windows
        guest, Windows will now autostart the VirtualBox Guest Additions
        installation program from the Additions ISO. If the Autostart feature
        has been turned off, choose
        <computeroutput>VBoxWindowsAdditions.exe</computeroutput> from the
        CD/DVD drive inside the guest to start the installer.</para>

        <para>The installer will add several device drivers to the Windows
        driver database and then invoke the hardware detection wizard.</para>

        <para>Depending on your configuration, it might display warnings that
        the drivers are not digitally signed. You must confirm these in order
        to continue the installation and properly install the
        Additions.</para>

        <para>After installation, reboot your guest operating system to
        activate the Additions.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
        <title>Updating the Windows Guest Additions</title>

        <para>Windows Guest Additions can be updated by running the
        installation program again, as previously described. This will then
        replace the previous Additions drivers with updated versions.</para>

        <para>Alternatively, you may also open the Windows Device Manager and
        select "Update driver..." for two devices:</para>

        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>the VirtualBox Graphics Adapter and</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>the VirtualBox System Device.</para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>

        <para>For each, choose to provide your own driver and use "Have Disk"
        to point the wizard to the CD-ROM drive with the Guest
        Additions.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
        <title>Unattended Installation</title>

        <para>As a prerequiste for performing an unattended installation of the
        VirtualBox Guest Additions on a Windows guest, there need to be
        Oracle CA (Certificate Authority)
        certificates installed in order to prevent user intervention popus which
        will undermine a silent installation.</para>

        <note>On some Windows versions like Windows 2000 and Windows XP the user intervention
        popups mentioned above always will be displayed, even after importing the Oracle certificates.</note>

        <para>Since VirtualBox 4.2 installing those CA certificates on a Windows
        guest can be done in an automated fashion using the
        <computeroutput>VBoxCertUtil.exe</computeroutput> utility found on the Guest
        Additions installation CD in the <computeroutput>cert</computeroutput>
        folder:</para>

        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Log in as Administrator on the guest.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Mount the VirtualBox Guest Additions .ISO.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Open a command line window on the guest and change to
            the <computeroutput>cert</computeroutput> folder on the VirtualBox
            Guest Additions CD.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Do a <computeroutput>VBoxCertUtil add-trusted-publisher oracle-vbox.cer --root oracle-vbox.cer</computeroutput>.</para>
            <para>This will install the certificates to the certificate store. When installing the same certificate
            more than once, an appropriate error will be displayed.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>

        <para>Prior to VirtualBox 4.2 the Oracle CA certificates need to be imported in more manual style
        using the <computeroutput>certutil.exe</computeroutput> utility, which is shipped since Windows
        Vista. For Windows versions before Vista you need to download and install <computeroutput>certutil.exe</computeroutput>
        manually. Since the certificates are not accompanied on the VirtualBox Guest Additions CD-ROM
        prior to 4.2, these need to get extracted from a signed VirtualBox executable first.</para>

        <para>In the following example the needed certificates will be extracted from the VirtualBox
        Windows Guest Additions installer on the CD-ROM:</para>

        <sect4>
          <title>VeriSign Code Signing CA</title>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>In the Windows Explorer, right click on VBoxWindowsAdditions-&lt;Architecture&gt;.exe,
              click on "Properties"</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Go to tab "Digital Signatures", choose "Oracle Corporation" and click on "Details"</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>In tab "General" click on "View Certificate"</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>In tab "Certification Path" select "VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary CA"</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Click on "View Certificate"</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>In tab "Details" click on "Copy to File ..."</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>In the upcoming wizard choose "DER encoded binary X.509 (.CER)"
              and save the certificate file to a local path, finish the wizard</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Close certificate dialog for "Verisign Class 3 Code Signing
              2010 CA"</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </sect4>

        <sect4>
          <title>Oracle Corporation</title>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>In the Windows Explorer, right click on VBoxWindowsAdditions-&lt;Architecture&gt;.exe,
              click on "Properties"</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Go to tab "Digital Signatures", choose "Oracle Corporation" and click on "Details"</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>In tab "General" click on "View Certificate"</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>In tab "Details" click on "Copy to File ..."</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>In the upcoming wizard choose "DER encoded binary X.509 (.CER)"
              and save the certificate file to a local path, finish the wizard</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Close certificate dialog for "Oracle Corporation"</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </sect4>

        <para>After exporting the two certificates above they can be imported into the
        certificate store using the <computeroutput>certutil.exe</computeroutput>
        utility:</para>

        <para><computeroutput>certutil -addstore -f Root "&lt;Path to exported
        certificate file&gt;"</computeroutput></para>

        <para>In order to allow for completely unattended guest installations,
        you can specify a command line parameter to the install
        launcher:</para>

        <screen>VBoxWindowsAdditions.exe /S</screen>

        <para>This automatically installs the right files and drivers for the
        corresponding platform (32- or 64-bit).</para>

        <para>For more options regarding unattended guest installations,
        consult the command line help by using the command:</para>

        <screen>VBoxWindowsAdditions.exe /?</screen>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="windows-guest-file-extraction">
        <title>Manual file extraction</title>

        <para>If you would like to install the files and drivers manually, you
        can extract the files from the Windows Guest Additions setup by
        typing:</para>

        <screen>VBoxWindowsAdditions.exe /extract</screen>

        <para>To explicitly extract the Windows Guest Additions for another
        platform than the current running one (e.g. 64-bit files on a 32-bit
        system), you have to execute the appropriate platform installer
        (<computeroutput>VBoxWindowsAdditions-x86.exe</computeroutput> or
        <computeroutput>VBoxWindowsAdditions-amd64.exe</computeroutput>) with
        the <computeroutput>/extract</computeroutput> parameter.</para>
      </sect3>

    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Guest Additions for Linux</title>

      <para>Like the Windows Guest Additions, the VirtualBox Guest Additions
      for Linux are a set of device drivers and system applications which may
      be installed in the guest operating system.</para>

      <para>The following Linux distributions are officially supported:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Fedora as of Fedora Core 4;</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Redhat Enterprise Linux as of version 3;</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>SUSE and openSUSE Linux as of version 9;</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Ubuntu as of version 5.10.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>Many other distributions are known to work with the Guest
      Additions.</para>

      <para>The version of the Linux kernel supplied by default in SUSE and
      openSUSE 10.2, Ubuntu 6.10 (all versions) and Ubuntu 6.06 (server
      edition) contains a bug which can cause it to crash during startup when
      it is run in a virtual machine. The Guest Additions work in those
      distributions.</para>

      <para>Note that some Linux distributions already come with all or part of
      the VirtualBox Guest Additions. You may choose to keep the distribution's
      version of the Guest Additions but these are often not up to date and
      limited in functionality, so we recommend replacing them with the
      Guest Additions that come with VirtualBox. The VirtualBox Linux Guest
      Additions installer tries to detect existing installation and replace
      them but depending on how the distribution integrates the Guest
      Additions, this may require some manual interaction. It is highly
      recommended to take a snapshot of the virtual machine before replacing
      pre-installed Guest Additions.</para>

      <sect3>
        <title>Installing the Linux Guest Additions</title>

        <para>The VirtualBox Guest Additions for Linux are provided on the
        same virtual CD-ROM file as the Guest Additions for Windows described
        above. They also come with an installation program guiding you through
        the setup process, although, due to the significant differences between
        Linux distributions, installation may be slightly more complex.</para>

        <para>Installation generally involves the following steps:</para>

        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Before installing the Guest Additions, you will have to
            prepare your guest system for building external kernel modules.
            This works similarly as described in <xref
            linkend="externalkernelmodules" />, except that this step must now
            be performed in your Linux <emphasis>guest</emphasis> instead of
            on a Linux host system, as described there.</para>

            <para>Again, as with Linux hosts, we recommend using DKMS if it is
            available for the guest system. If it is not installed, use this
            command for Ubuntu/Debian systems:
            <screen>sudo apt-get install dkms</screen>
            or for Fedora systems: <screen>yum install dkms</screen></para>

            <para>Be sure to install DKMS <emphasis>before</emphasis>
            installing the Linux Guest Additions. If DKMS is not available
            or not installed, the guest kernel modules will need to be
            recreated manually whenever the guest kernel is updated using
            the command <screen>/etc/init.d/vboxadd setup</screen> as root.
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Insert the
            <computeroutput>VBoxGuestAdditions.iso</computeroutput> CD file
            into your Linux guest's virtual CD-ROM drive, exactly the same way
            as described for a Windows guest in <xref
            linkend="mountingadditionsiso" />.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Change to the directory where your CD-ROM drive is mounted
            and execute as root:</para>

            <screen>sh ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run</screen>

          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>

        <para>For your convenience, we provide the following step-by-step
        instructions for freshly installed copies of recent versions of the most
        popular Linux distributions. After these preparational steps, you can
        execute the VirtualBox Guest Additions installer as described
        above.</para>

        <sect4>
          <title>Ubuntu</title>

          <para><orderedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>In order to fully update your guest system, open a
                terminal and run <screen>apt-get update</screen> as root
                followed by <screen>apt-get upgrade</screen></para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Install DKMS using <screen>apt-get install dkms</screen></para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Reboot your guest system in order to activate the
                updates and then proceed as described above.</para>
              </listitem>
            </orderedlist></para>
        </sect4>

        <sect4>
          <title>Fedora</title>

          <para><orderedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>In order to fully update your guest system, open a
                terminal and run <screen>yum update</screen></para> as root.
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Install DKMS and the GNU C compiler using <screen>yum install dkms</screen>
                followed by <screen>yum install gcc</screen></para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Reboot your guest system in order to activate the
                updates and then proceed as described above.</para>
              </listitem>
            </orderedlist></para>
        </sect4>

        <sect4>
          <title>openSUSE</title>

          <para><orderedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>In order to fully update your guest system, open a
                terminal and run <screen>zypper update</screen></para> as root.
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Install the make tool and the GNU C compiler using
                <screen>zypper install make gcc</screen></para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Reboot your guest system in order to activate the
                updates.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Find out which kernel you are running using <screen>uname -a</screen>
                An example would be
                <computeroutput>2.6.31.12-0.2-default</computeroutput> which
                refers to the "default" kernel. Then install the correct
                kernel development package. In the above example this would be
                <screen>zypper install kernel-default-devel</screen></para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Make sure that your running kernel
                (<computeroutput>uname -a</computeroutput>) and the kernel
                packages you have installed (<computeroutput>rpm -qa
                kernel\*</computeroutput>) have the exact same version number.
                Proceed with the installation as described above.</para>
              </listitem>
            </orderedlist></para>
        </sect4>

        <sect4>
          <title>SuSE Linux Enterprise Desktop (SLED)</title>

          <para><orderedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>In order to fully update your guest system, open a
                terminal and run <screen>zypper update</screen></para> as root.
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Install the GNU C compiler using <screen>zypper install gcc</screen></para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Reboot your guest system in order to activate the
                updates.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Find out which kernel you are running using <screen>uname -a</screen>
                An example would be
                <computeroutput>2.6.27.19-5.1-default</computeroutput> which
                refers to the "default" kernel. Then install the correct
                kernel development package. In the above example this would be
                <screen>zypper install kernel-syms kernel-source</screen></para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Make sure that your running kernel
                (<computeroutput>uname -a</computeroutput>) and the kernel
                packages you have installed (<computeroutput>rpm -qa
                kernel\*</computeroutput>) have the exact same version number.
                Proceed with the installation as described above.</para>
              </listitem>
            </orderedlist></para>
        </sect4>

        <sect4>
          <title>Mandrake</title>

          <para><orderedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>Mandrake ships with the VirtualBox Guest Additions which
                will be replaced if you follow these steps.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>In order to fully update your guest system, open a
                terminal and run <screen>urpmi --auto-update</screen></para>
                as root.
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Reboot your system in order to activate the
                updates.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Install DKMS using <screen>urpmi dkms</screen> and make
                sure to choose the correct kernel-devel package when asked by
                the installer (use <computeroutput>uname -a</computeroutput>
                to compare).</para>
              </listitem>
            </orderedlist></para>
        </sect4>

        <sect4>
          <title>CentOS, Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Oracle
          Enterprise Linux</title>

          <para><orderedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>For versions prior to 6, add <computeroutput>divider=10</computeroutput>
                to the kernel boot options in
                <computeroutput>/etc/grub.conf</computeroutput> to reduce the
                idle CPU load.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>In order to fully update your guest system, open a
                terminal and run <screen>yum update</screen></para> as root.
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Install the GNU C compiler and the kernel development
                packages using <screen>yum install gcc</screen> followed by
                <screen>yum install kernel-devel</screen></para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Reboot your guest system in order to activate the
                updates and then proceed as described above.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>In case Oracle Enterprise Linux does not find the
                required packages, you either have to install them from a
                different source (e.g. DVD) or use Oracle's public Yum server
                located at <ulink
                url="http://public-yum.oracle.com/">http://public-yum.oracle.com</ulink>.</para>
              </listitem>
            </orderedlist></para>
        </sect4>

        <sect4>
          <title>Debian</title>

          <para><orderedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>In order to fully update your guest system, open a
                terminal and run <screen>apt-get update</screen> as root
                followed by <screen>apt-get upgrade</screen></para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Install the make tool and the GNU C compiler using
                <screen>apt-get install make gcc</screen></para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Reboot your guest system in order to activate the
                updates.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Determine the exact version of your kernel using
                <computeroutput>uname -a</computeroutput> and install the
                correct version of the linux-headers package, e.g. using
                <screen>apt-get install linux-headers-2.6.26-2-686</screen></para>
              </listitem>
            </orderedlist></para>
        </sect4>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
        <title>Graphics and mouse integration</title>

        <para>In Linux and Solaris guests, VirtualBox graphics and mouse
        integration goes through the X Window System.  VirtualBox can use
        the X.Org variant of the system (or XFree86 version 4.3 which is
        identical to the first X.Org release). During the installation process,
        the X.Org display server will be set up to use the graphics and mouse
        drivers which come with the Guest Additions.</para>

        <para>After installing the Guest Additions into a fresh installation of
        a supported Linux distribution or Solaris system (many unsupported
        systems will work correctly too), the guest's graphics
        mode will change to fit the size of the VirtualBox window
        on the host when it is resized.  You can also ask the guest system to
        switch to a particular resolution by sending a "video mode hint" using
        the <computeroutput>VBoxManage</computeroutput> tool.</para>

        <para>Multiple guest monitors are supported in guests using the X.Org
        server version 1.3 (which is part of release 7.3 of the X Window System
        version 11) or a later version. The layout of the guest screens can
        be adjusted as needed using the tools which come with the guest
        operating system.</para>

        <para>If you want to understand more about the details of how the
        X.Org drivers are set up (in particular if you wish to use them in a
        setting which our installer doesn't handle correctly), you should read
        <xref linkend="guestxorgsetup" />.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
        <title>Updating the Linux Guest Additions</title>

        <para>The Guest Additions can simply be updated by going through the
        installation procedure again with an updated CD-ROM image. This will
        replace the drivers with updated versions. You should reboot after
        updating the Guest Additions.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
        <title>Uninstalling the Linux Guest Additions</title>

        <para>If you have a version of the Guest Additions installed on your
        virtual machine and wish to remove it without installing new ones, you
        can do so by inserting the Guest Additions CD image into the virtual
        CD-ROM drive as described above and running the installer for the
        current Guest Additions with the "uninstall" parameter from the path
        that the CD image is mounted on in the guest: <screen>sh ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run uninstall</screen></para>

        <para>While this will normally work without issues, you may need to do some
        manual cleanup of the guest (particularly of the XFree86Config or
        xorg.conf file) in some cases, particularly if the Additions version
        installed or the guest operating system were very old, or if you made
        your own changes to the Guest Additions setup after you installed
        them.</para>

        <para>Starting with version 3.1.0, you can uninstall the Additions by
        invoking <screen>/opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-$VBOX_VERSION_STRING/uninstall.sh</screen>Please
        replace
        <computeroutput>/opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-$VBOX_VERSION_STRING</computeroutput>
        with the correct Guest Additions installation directory.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Guest Additions for Solaris</title>

      <para>Like the Windows Guest Additions, the VirtualBox Guest Additions
      for Solaris take the form of a set of device drivers and system
      applications which may be installed in the guest operating
      system.</para>

      <para>The following Solaris distributions are officially
      supported:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Solaris 11 including Solaris 11 Express;</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Solaris 10 (u5 and higher);</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>Other distributions may work if they are based on comparable
      software releases.</para>

      <sect3>
        <title>Installing the Solaris Guest Additions</title>

        <para>The VirtualBox Guest Additions for Solaris are provided on the
        same ISO CD-ROM as the Additions for Windows and Linux described
        above. They also come with an installation program guiding you through
        the setup process.</para>

        <para>Installation involves the following steps:</para>

        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Mount the
            <computeroutput>VBoxGuestAdditions.iso</computeroutput> file as
            your Solaris guest's virtual CD-ROM drive, exactly the same way as
            described for a Windows guest in <xref
            linkend="mountingadditionsiso" />.</para>

            <para>If in case the CD-ROM drive on the guest doesn't get mounted
            (observed on some versions of Solaris 10), execute as root:</para>

            <screen>svcadm restart volfs</screen>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Change to the directory where your CD-ROM drive is mounted
            and execute as root:</para>

            <screen>pkgadd -G -d ./VBoxSolarisAdditions.pkg</screen>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Choose "1" and confirm installation of the Guest Additions
            package. After the installation is complete, re-login to X server
            on your guest to activate the X11 Guest Additions.</para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
        <title>Uninstalling the Solaris Guest Additions</title>

        <para>The Solaris Guest Additions can be safely removed by removing
        the package from the guest. Open a root terminal session and
        execute:</para>

        <para><screen>pkgrm SUNWvboxguest</screen></para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3>
        <title>Updating the Solaris Guest Additions</title>

        <para>The Guest Additions should be updated by first uninstalling the
        existing Guest Additions and then installing the new ones. Attempting
        to install new Guest Additions without removing the existing ones is
        not possible.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Guest Additions for OS/2</title>

      <para>VirtualBox also ships with a set of drivers that improve running
      OS/2 in a virtual machine. Due to restrictions of OS/2 itself, this
      variant of the Guest Additions has a limited feature set; see <xref
      linkend="KnownIssues" /> for details.</para>

      <para>The OS/2 Guest Additions are provided on the same ISO CD-ROM as
      those for the other platforms. As a result, mount the ISO in OS/2 as
      described previously. The OS/2 Guest Additions are located in the
      directory <computeroutput>\32bit\OS2</computeroutput>.</para>

      <para>As we do not provide an automatic installer at this time, please
      refer to the <computeroutput>readme.txt</computeroutput> file in that
      directory, which describes how to install the OS/2 Guest Additions
      manually.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="sharedfolders">
    <title>Shared folders</title>

    <para>With the "shared folders" feature of VirtualBox, you can access
    files of your host system from within the guest system. This is similar
    how you would use network shares in Windows networks -- except that shared
    folders do not need require networking, only the Guest Additions. Shared
    Folders are supported with Windows (2000 or newer), Linux and Solaris
    guests.</para>

    <para>Shared folders must physically reside on the
    <emphasis>host</emphasis> and are then shared with the guest, which uses a
    special file system driver in the Guest Addition to talk to the host. For
    Windows guests, shared folders are implemented as a pseudo-network
    redirector; for Linux and Solaris guests, the Guest Additions provide a
    virtual file system.</para>

    <para>To share a host folder with a virtual machine in VirtualBox, you
    must specify the path of that folder and choose for it a "share name" that
    the guest can use to access it. Hence, first create the shared folder on
    the host; then, within the guest, connect to it.</para>

    <para>There are several ways in which shared folders can be set up for a
    particular virtual machine:<itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>In the window of a running VM, you can select "Shared folders"
          from the "Devices" menu, or click on the folder icon on the status
          bar in the bottom right corner.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>If a VM is not currently running, you can configure shared
          folders in each virtual machine's "Settings" dialog.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>From the command line, you can create shared folders using
          VBoxManage, as follows: <screen>VBoxManage sharedfolder add "VM name" --name "sharename" --hostpath "C:\test"</screen></para>

          <para>See <xref linkend="vboxmanage-sharedfolder" /> for
          details.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist></para>

    <para>There are two types of shares:</para>

    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>VM shares which are only available to the VM for which they have
        been defined;</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>transient VM shares, which can be added and removed at runtime
        and do not persist after a VM has stopped; for these, add the
        <computeroutput>--transient</computeroutput> option to the above
        command line.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>

    <para>Shared folders have read/write access to the files at the host path
    by default. To restrict the guest to have read-only access, create a
    read-only shared folder. This can either be achieved using the GUI or by
    appending the parameter <computeroutput>--readonly</computeroutput> when
    creating the shared folder with VBoxManage.</para>

    <para>Starting with version 4.0, VirtualBox shared folders also support
    symbolic links (<emphasis role="bold">symlinks</emphasis>), under the
    following conditions:<orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>The host operating system must support symlinks (i.e. a Mac,
          Linux or Solaris host is required).</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Currently only Linux and Solaris Guest Additions support
          symlinks.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist></para>

    <sect2 id="sf_mount_manual">
      <title>Manual mounting</title>

      <para>You can mount the shared folder from inside a VM the same way as
      you would mount an ordinary network share:</para>

      <para><itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>In a Windows guest, shared folders are browseable and
            therefore visible in Windows Explorer. So, to attach the host's
            shared folder to your Windows guest, open Windows Explorer and
            look for it under "My Networking Places" -&gt; "Entire Network"
            -&gt; "VirtualBox Shared Folders". By right-clicking on a shared
            folder and selecting "Map network drive" from the menu that pops
            up, you can assign a drive letter to that shared folder.</para>

            <para>Alternatively, on the Windows command line, use the
            following:</para>

            <screen>net use x: \\vboxsvr\sharename</screen>

            <para>While <computeroutput>vboxsvr</computeroutput> is a fixed
            name (note that <computeroutput>vboxsrv</computeroutput> would
            also work), replace "x:" with the drive letter that you want to
            use for the share, and <computeroutput>sharename</computeroutput>
            with the share name specified with
            <computeroutput>VBoxManage</computeroutput>.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>In a Linux guest, use the following command:</para>

            <screen>mount -t vboxsf [-o OPTIONS] sharename mountpoint</screen>

            <para>To mount a shared folder during boot, add the following
            entry to /etc/fstab:</para>

            <screen>sharename   mountpoint   vboxsf   defaults  0   0</screen>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>In a Solaris guest, use the following command:</para>

            <screen>mount -F vboxfs [-o OPTIONS] sharename mountpoint</screen>

            <para>Replace <computeroutput>sharename</computeroutput> (use
            lowercase) with the share name specified with
            <computeroutput>VBoxManage</computeroutput> or the GUI, and
            <computeroutput>mountpoint</computeroutput> with the path where
            you want the share to be mounted on the guest (e.g.
            <computeroutput>/mnt/share</computeroutput>). The usual mount
            rules apply, that is, create this directory first if it does not
            exist yet.</para>

            <para>Here is an example of mounting the shared folder for the
            user "jack" on Solaris:</para>

            <screen>$ id
uid=5000(jack) gid=1(other)
$ mkdir /export/home/jack/mount
$ pfexec mount -F vboxfs -o uid=5000,gid=1 jackshare /export/home/jack/mount
$ cd ~/mount
$ ls
sharedfile1.mp3 sharedfile2.txt
$</screen>

            <para>Beyond the standard options supplied by the
            <computeroutput>mount</computeroutput> command, the following are
            available:</para>

            <screen>iocharset CHARSET</screen>

            <para>to set the character set used for I/O operations (utf8 by
            default) and</para>

            <screen>convertcp CHARSET</screen>

            <para>to specify the character set used for the shared folder name
            (utf8 by default).</para>

            <para>The generic mount options (documented in the mount manual
            page) apply also. Especially useful are the options
            <computeroutput>uid</computeroutput>,
            <computeroutput>gid</computeroutput> and
            <computeroutput>mode</computeroutput>, as they allow access by
            normal users (in read/write mode, depending on the settings) even
            if root has mounted the filesystem.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist></para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="sf_mount_auto">
      <title>Automatic mounting</title>

      <para>Starting with version 4.0, VirtualBox can mount shared folders
      automatically, at your option. If automatic mounting is enabled for a
      specific shared folder, the Guest Additions will automatically mount
      that folder as soon as a user logs into the guest OS. The details depend
      on the guest OS type:<itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>With <emphasis role="bold">Windows guests,</emphasis> any
            auto-mounted shared folder will receive its own drive letter (e.g.
            <computeroutput>E:</computeroutput>) depending on the free drive
            letters remaining in the guest.</para>

            <para>If there no free drive letters left, auto-mounting will
            fail; as a result, the number of auto-mounted shared folders is
            typically limited to 22 or less with Windows guests.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>With <emphasis role="bold">Linux guests,</emphasis>
            auto-mounted shared folders are mounted into the
            <computeroutput>/media</computeroutput> directory, along with the
            prefix <computeroutput>sf_</computeroutput>. For example, the
            shared folder <computeroutput>myfiles</computeroutput> would be
            mounted to <computeroutput>/media/sf_myfiles</computeroutput> on
            Linux and <computeroutput>/mnt/sf_myfiles</computeroutput> on
            Solaris.</para>

            <para>The guest property
            <computeroutput>/VirtualBox/GuestAdd/SharedFolders/MountPrefix</computeroutput>
            determines the prefix that is used. Change that guest property to
            a value other than "sf" to change that prefix; see <xref
            linkend="guestadd-guestprops" /> for details.<note>
                <para>Access to auto-mounted shared folders is only
                granted to the user group
                <computeroutput>vboxsf</computeroutput>, which is created by
                the VirtualBox Guest Additions installer. Hence guest users
                have to be member of that group to have read/write
                access or to have read-only access in case the folder is not
                mapped writable.</para>
              </note></para>

            <para>To change the mount directory to something other than
            <computeroutput>/media</computeroutput>, you can set the guest
            property
            <computeroutput>/VirtualBox/GuestAdd/SharedFolders/MountDir</computeroutput>.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para><emphasis role="bold">Solaris guests</emphasis> behave like
            Linux guests except that <computeroutput>/mnt</computeroutput> is
            used as the default mount directory instead of
            <computeroutput>/media</computeroutput>.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist></para>

      <para>To have any changes to auto-mounted shared folders applied while a
      VM is running, the guest OS needs to be rebooted. (This applies only to
      auto-mounted shared folders, not the ones which are mounted
      manually.)</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="guestadd-video">
    <title>Hardware-accelerated graphics</title>

    <sect2 id="guestadd-3d">
      <title>Hardware 3D acceleration (OpenGL and Direct3D 8/9)</title>

      <para>The VirtualBox Guest Additions contain experimental hardware 3D
      support for Windows, Linux and Solaris guests.<footnote>
          <para>OpenGL support for Windows guests was added with VirtualBox
          2.1; support for Linux and Solaris followed with VirtualBox 2.2.
          With VirtualBox 3.0, Direct3D 8/9 support was added for Windows
          guests. OpenGL 2.0 is now supported as well.
          With VirtualBox 4.1 Windows Aero theme support is added for
          Windows Vista and Windows 7 guests (experimental)</para>
        </footnote></para>

      <para>With this feature, if an application inside your virtual machine
      uses 3D features through the OpenGL or Direct3D 8/9 programming
      interfaces, instead of emulating them in software (which would be slow),
      VirtualBox will attempt to use your host's 3D hardware. This works for
      all supported host platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Solaris), provided
      that your host operating system can make use of your accelerated 3D
      hardware in the first place.</para>

      <para>The 3D acceleration currently has the following
      preconditions:<orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>It is only available for certain Windows, Linux and Solaris
            guests. In particular:<itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>3D acceleration with Windows guests requires Windows
                  2000, Windows XP, Vista or Windows 7. Both OpenGL and
                  Direct3D 8/9 (not with Windows 2000) are supported
                  (experimental).</para>
                </listitem>

                <listitem>
                  <para>OpenGL on Linux requires kernel 2.6.27 and higher as
                  well as X.org server version 1.5 and higher. Ubuntu 10.10
                  and Fedora 14 have been tested and confirmed as
                  working.</para>
                </listitem>

                <listitem>
                  <para>OpenGL on Solaris guests requires X.org server version
                  1.5 and higher.</para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist></para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>The Guest Additions must be installed.<note>
                <para>For the basic Direct3D acceleration to work in a Windows Guest,
                VirtualBox needs to replace Windows system files in the
                virtual machine. As a result, the Guest Additions installation
                program offers Direct3D acceleration as an option that must
                be explicitly enabled. Also, you must install the Guest
                Additions in "Safe Mode". This does <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis>
                apply to the experimental WDDM Direct3D video
                driver available for Vista and Windows 7 guests,
                see <xref linkend="KnownIssues" />
                for details.</para></note>
              </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Because 3D support is still experimental at this time, it is
            disabled by default and must be <emphasis role="bold">manually
            enabled</emphasis> in the VM settings (see <xref
            linkend="generalsettings" />).<note>
            <para>
              Untrusted guest systems should not be allowed to use
              VirtualBox's 3D acceleration features, just as untrusted host
              software should not be allowed to use 3D acceleration.  Drivers
              for 3D hardware are generally too complex to be made properly
              secure and any software which is allowed to access them may be
              able to compromise the operating system running them.  In
              addition, enabling 3D acceleration gives the guest direct access
              to a large body of additional program code in the VirtualBox
              host process which it might conceivably be able to use to crash
              the virtual machine.
            </para>
            </note></para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist></para>

      <para>With VirtualBox 4.1, Windows Aero theme support is added for
      Windows Vista and Windows 7 guests. To enable Aero theme support,
      the experimental VirtualBox WDDM video driver must be installed,
      which is available with the Guest Additions installation.
      Since the WDDM video driver is still experimental at this time, it is
      not installed by default and must be <emphasis role="bold">manually
      selected</emphasis> in the Guest Additions installer by answering "No"
      int the "Would you like to install basic Direct3D support" dialog
      displayed when the Direct3D feature is selected.
      <note><para>Unlike the current basic Direct3D support, the WDDM video
      driver installation does <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> require
      the "Safe Mode".</para></note>
      <para>The Aero theme is not enabled by default. To enable it<itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>In Windows Vista guest: right-click on the desktop, in the
            contect menu select "Personalize", then select "Windows Color and Appearance"
            in the "Personalization" window, in the "Appearance Settings" dialog select
            "Windows Aero" and press "OK"</para></listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>In Windows 7 guest: right-click on the desktop, in the
            contect menu select "Personalize" and select any Aero theme
            in the "Personalization" window</para></listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </para>
      </para>

      <para>Technically, VirtualBox implements this by installing an
      additional hardware 3D driver inside your guest when the Guest Additions
      are installed. This driver acts as a hardware 3D driver and reports to
      the guest operating system that the (virtual) hardware is capable of 3D
      hardware acceleration. When an application in the guest then requests
      hardware acceleration through the OpenGL or Direct3D programming
      interfaces, these are sent to the host through a special communication
      tunnel implemented by VirtualBox, and then the <emphasis>host</emphasis>
      performs the requested 3D operation via the host's programming
      interfaces.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="guestadd-2d">
      <title>Hardware 2D video acceleration for Windows guests</title>

      <para>Starting with version 3.1, the VirtualBox Guest Additions contain
      experimental hardware 2D video acceleration support for Windows
      guests.</para>

      <para>With this feature, if an application (e.g. a video player) inside
      your Windows VM uses 2D video overlays to play a movie clip, then
      VirtualBox will attempt to use your host's video acceleration hardware
      instead of performing overlay stretching and color conversion in
      software (which would be slow). This currently works for Windows, Linux
      and Mac host platforms, provided that your host operating system can
      make use of 2D video acceleration in the first place.</para>

      <para>The 2D video acceleration currently has the following
      preconditions:<orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>It is only available for Windows guests (XP or
            later).</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>The Guest Additions must be installed.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Because 2D support is still experimental at this time, it is
            disabled by default and must be <emphasis role="bold">manually
            enabled</emphasis> in the VM settings (see <xref
            linkend="generalsettings" />).</para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist></para>

      <para>Technically, VirtualBox implements this by exposing video overlay
      DirectDraw capabilities in the Guest Additions video driver. The driver
      sends all overlay commands to the host through a special communication
      tunnel implemented by VirtualBox. On the host side, OpenGL is then used
      to implement color space transformation and scaling</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="seamlesswindows">
    <title>Seamless windows</title>

    <para>With the "seamless windows" feature of VirtualBox, you can have the
    windows that are displayed within a virtual machine appear side by side
    next to the windows of your host. This feature is supported for the
    following guest operating systems (provided that the Guest Additions are
    installed):<itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Windows guests (support added with VirtualBox 1.5);</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Supported Linux or Solaris guests running the X Window System
          (added with VirtualBox 1.6).</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist></para>

    <para>After seamless windows are enabled (see below), VirtualBox
    suppresses the display of the Desktop background of your guest, allowing
    you to run the windows of your guest operating system seamlessly next to
    the windows of your host:</para>

    <para><mediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata align="center" fileref="images/seamless.png" width="14cm" />
        </imageobject>
      </mediaobject>To enable seamless mode, after starting the virtual
    machine, press the Host key (normally the right control key) together with
    "L". This will enlarge the size of the VM's display to the size of your
    host screen and mask out the guest operating system's background. To go
    back to the "normal" VM display (i.e. to disable seamless windows), press
    the Host key and "L" again.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="guestadd-guestprops">
    <title>Guest properties</title>

    <para>Starting with version 2.1, VirtualBox allows for requesting certain
    properties from a running guest, provided that the VirtualBox Guest
    Additions are installed and the VM is running. This is good for two
    things:<orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>A number of predefined VM characteristics are automatically
          maintained by VirtualBox and can be retrieved on the host, e.g. to
          monitor VM performance and statistics.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>In addition, arbitrary string data can be exchanged between
          guest and host. This works in both directions.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist></para>

    <para>To accomplish this, VirtualBox establishes a private communication
    channel between the VirtualBox Guest Additions and the host, and software
    on both sides can use this channel to exchange string data for arbitrary
    purposes. Guest properties are simply string keys to which a value is
    attached. They can be set (written to) by either the host and the guest,
    and they can also be read from both sides.</para>

    <para>In addition to establishing the general mechanism of reading and
    writing values, a set of predefined guest properties is automatically
    maintained by the VirtualBox Guest Additions to allow for retrieving
    interesting guest data such as the guest's exact operating system and
    service pack level, the installed version of the Guest Additions, users
    that are currently logged into the guest OS, network statistics and more.
    These predefined properties are all prefixed with
    <computeroutput>/VirtualBox/</computeroutput> and organized into a
    hierarchical tree of keys.</para>

    <para>Some of this runtime information is shown when you select "Session
    Information Dialog" from a virtual machine's "Machine" menu.</para>

    <para>A more flexible way to use this channel is via the
    <computeroutput>VBoxManage guestproperty</computeroutput> command set; see
    <xref linkend="vboxmanage-guestproperty" /> for details. For example, to
    have <emphasis>all</emphasis> the available guest properties for a given
    running VM listed with their respective values, use this:<screen>$ VBoxManage guestproperty enumerate "Windows Vista III"
VirtualBox Command Line Management Interface Version $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILD
(C) 2005-$VBOX_C_YEAR $VBOX_VENDOR
All rights reserved.

Name: /VirtualBox/GuestInfo/OS/Product, value: Windows Vista Business Edition,
    timestamp: 1229098278843087000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestInfo/OS/Release, value: 6.0.6001,
    timestamp: 1229098278950553000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestInfo/OS/ServicePack, value: 1,
    timestamp: 1229098279122627000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestAdd/InstallDir,
    value: C:/Program Files/Oracle/VirtualBox
    Guest Additions, timestamp: 1229098279269739000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestAdd/Revision, value: 40720,
    timestamp: 1229098279345664000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestAdd/Version, value: $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILD,
    timestamp: 1229098279479515000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestAdd/Components/VBoxControl.exe, value: $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILDr40720,
    timestamp: 1229098279651731000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestAdd/Components/VBoxHook.dll, value: $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILDr40720,
    timestamp: 1229098279804835000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestAdd/Components/VBoxDisp.dll, value: $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILDr40720,
    timestamp: 1229098279880611000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestAdd/Components/VBoxMRXNP.dll, value: $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILDr40720,
    timestamp: 1229098279882618000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestAdd/Components/VBoxService.exe, value: $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILDr40720,
    timestamp: 1229098279883195000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestAdd/Components/VBoxTray.exe, value: $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILDr40720,
    timestamp: 1229098279885027000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestAdd/Components/VBoxGuest.sys, value: $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILDr40720,
    timestamp: 1229098279886838000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestAdd/Components/VBoxMouse.sys, value: $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILDr40720,
    timestamp: 1229098279890600000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestAdd/Components/VBoxSF.sys, value: $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILDr40720,
    timestamp: 1229098279893056000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestAdd/Components/VBoxVideo.sys, value: $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILDr40720,
    timestamp: 1229098279895767000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestInfo/OS/LoggedInUsers, value: 1,
    timestamp: 1229099826317660000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestInfo/OS/NoLoggedInUsers, value: false,
    timestamp: 1229098455580553000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestInfo/Net/Count, value: 1,
    timestamp: 1229099826299785000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/HostInfo/GUI/LanguageID, value: C,
    timestamp: 1229098151272771000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestInfo/Net/0/V4/IP, value: 192.168.2.102,
    timestamp: 1229099826300088000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestInfo/Net/0/V4/Broadcast, value: 255.255.255.255,
    timestamp: 1229099826300220000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestInfo/Net/0/V4/Netmask, value: 255.255.255.0,
    timestamp: 1229099826300350000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestInfo/Net/0/Status, value: Up,
    timestamp: 1229099826300524000, flags:
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestInfo/OS/LoggedInUsersList, value: username,
    timestamp: 1229099826317386000, flags:</screen></para>

    <para>To query the value of a single property, use the "get" subcommand
    like this:<screen>$ VBoxManage guestproperty get "Windows Vista III"
         "/VirtualBox/GuestInfo/OS/Product"
VirtualBox Command Line Management Interface Version $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILD
(C) 2005-$VBOX_C_YEAR $VBOX_VENDOR
All rights reserved.

Value: Windows Vista Business Edition
</screen></para>

    <para>To add or change guest properties from the guest, use the tool
    <computeroutput>VBoxControl</computeroutput>. This tool is included in the
    Guest Additions of VirtualBox 2.2 or later. When started from a Linux
    guest, this tool requires root privileges for security reasons:<screen>$ sudo VBoxControl guestproperty enumerate
VirtualBox Guest Additions Command Line Management Interface Version $VBOX_VERSION_MAJOR.$VBOX_VERSION_MINOR.$VBOX_VERSION_BUILD
(C) 2009-$VBOX_C_YEAR $VBOX_VENDOR
All rights reserved.

Name: /VirtualBox/GuestInfo/OS/Release, value: 2.6.28-18-generic,
    timestamp: 1265813265835667000, flags: &lt;NULL&gt;
Name: /VirtualBox/GuestInfo/OS/Version, value: #59-Ubuntu SMP Thu Jan 28 01:23:03 UTC 2010,
    timestamp: 1265813265836305000, flags: &lt;NULL&gt;
      ...</screen></para>

    <para>For more complex needs, you can use the VirtualBox programming
    interfaces; see <xref linkend="VirtualBoxAPI" />.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="guestadd-guestcontrol">
    <title>Guest control</title>

    <para>Starting with version 3.2, the Guest Additions of VirtualBox allow
    starting applications inside a VM from the host system.</para>

    <para>For this to work, the application needs to be installed inside the
    guest; no additional software needs to be installed on the host.
    Additionally, text mode output (to stdout and stderr) can be shown on the
    host for further processing along with options to specify user credentials
    and a timeout value (in milliseconds) to limit time the application is
    able to run.</para>

    <para>This feature can be used to automate deployment of software within
    the guest.</para>

    <para>Starting with version 4.0, the Guest Additions for Windows allow for
    automatic updating (only already installed Guest Additions 4.0 or later).
    Also, copying files from host to the guest as well as remotely creating
    guest directories is available.</para>

    <para>To use these features, use the VirtualBox command line, see <xref
    linkend="vboxmanage-guestcontrol" />.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Memory overcommitment</title>

    <para>In server environments with many VMs; the Guest Additions can be
    used to share physical host memory between several VMs, reducing the total
    amount of memory in use by the VMs. If memory usage is the limiting factor
    and CPU resources are still available, this can help with packing more VMs
    on each host.</para>

    <sect2 id="guestadd-balloon">
      <title>Memory ballooning</title>

      <para>Starting with version 3.2, the Guest Additions of VirtualBox can
      change the amount of host memory that a VM uses while the machine is
      running. Because of how this is implemented, this feature is called
      "memory ballooning".</para>

      <note>
        <para>VirtualBox supports memory ballooning only on 64-bit hosts, and
        it is not supported on Mac OS X hosts.</para>
      </note>

      <para>Normally, to change the amount of memory allocated to a virtual
      machine, one has to shut down the virtual machine entirely and modify
      its settings. With memory ballooning, memory that was allocated for a
      virtual machine can be given to another virtual machine without having
      to shut the machine down.</para>

      <para>When memory ballooning is requested, the VirtualBox Guest
      Additions (which run inside the guest) allocate physical memory from the
      guest operating system on the kernel level and lock this memory down in
      the guest. This ensures that the guest will not use that memory any
      longer: no guest applications can allocate it, and the guest kernel will
      not use it either. VirtualBox can then re-use this memory and give it to
      another virtual machine.</para>

      <para>The memory made available through the ballooning mechanism is only
      available for re-use by VirtualBox. It is <emphasis>not</emphasis>
      returned as free memory to the host. Requesting balloon memory from a
      running guest will therefore not increase the amount of free,
      unallocated memory on the host. Effectively, memory ballooning is
      therefore a memory overcommitment mechanism for multiple virtual
      machines while they are running. This can be useful to temporarily start
      another machine, or in more complicated environments, for sophisticated
      memory management of many virtual machines that may be running in
      parallel depending on how memory is used by the guests.</para>

      <para>At this time, memory ballooning is only supported through
      VBoxManage. Use the following command to increase or decrease the size
      of the memory balloon within a running virtual machine that has Guest
      Additions installed: <screen>VBoxManage controlvm "VM name" guestmemoryballoon &lt;n&gt;</screen>where
      <computeroutput>"VM name"</computeroutput> is the name or UUID of the
      virtual machine in question and
      <computeroutput>&lt;n&gt;</computeroutput> is the amount of memory to
      allocate from the guest in megabytes. See <xref
      linkend="vboxmanage-controlvm" /> for more information.</para>

      <para>You can also set a default balloon that will automatically be
      requested from the VM every time after it has started up with the
      following command: <screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --guestmemoryballoon &lt;n&gt;</screen></para>

      <para>By default, no balloon memory is allocated. This is a VM setting,
      like other <computeroutput>modifyvm</computeroutput> settings, and
      therefore can only be set while the machine is shut down; see <xref
      linkend="vboxmanage-modifyvm" />.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="guestadd-pagefusion">
      <title>Page Fusion</title>

      <para>Whereas memory ballooning simply reduces the amount of RAM that is
      available to a VM, Page Fusion works differently: it avoids memory
      duplication between several similar running VMs.</para>

      <para>In a server environment running several similar VMs (e.g. with
      identical operating systems) on the same host, lots of memory pages are
      identical. VirtualBox's Page Fusion technology, introduced with
      VirtualBox 3.2, is a novel technique to efficiently identify these
      identical memory pages and share them between multiple VMs.<note>
          <para>VirtualBox supports Page Fusion only on 64-bit hosts, and it
          is not supported on Mac OS X hosts. Page Fusion currently works only
          with Windows guests (2000 and later).</para>
        </note></para>

      <para>The more similar the VMs on a given host are, the more efficiently
      Page Fusion can reduce the amount of host memory that is in use. It
      therefore works best if all VMs on a host run identical operating
      systems (e.g. Windows XP Service Pack 2). Instead of having a complete
      copy of each operating system in each VM, Page Fusion identifies the
      identical memory pages in use by these operating systems and eliminates
      the duplicates, sharing host memory between several machines
      ("deduplication"). If a VM tries to modify a page that has been shared
      with other VMs, a new page is allocated again for that VM with a copy of
      the shared page ("copy on write"). All this is fully transparent to the
      virtual machine.</para>

      <para>You may be familiar with this kind of memory overcommitment from
      other hypervisor products, which call this feature "page sharing" or
      "same page merging". However, Page Fusion differs significantly from
      those other solutions, whose approaches have several
      drawbacks:<orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Traditional hypervisors scan <emphasis>all</emphasis> guest
            memory and compute checksums (hashes) for every single memory
            page. Then, they look for pages with identical hashes and compare
            the entire content of those pages; if two pages produce the same
            hash, it is very likely that the pages are identical in content.
            This, of course, can take rather long, especially if the system is
            not idling. As a result, the additional memory only becomes
            available after a significant amount of time (this can be hours or
            even days!). Even worse, this kind of page sharing algorithm
            generally consumes significant CPU resources and increases the
            virtualization overhead by 10-20%.</para>

            <para>Page Fusion in VirtualBox uses logic in the VirtualBox Guest
            Additions to quickly identify memory cells that are most likely
            identical across VMs. It can therefore achieve most of the
            possible savings of page sharing almost immediately and with
            almost no overhead.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Page Fusion is also much less likely to be confused by
            identical memory that it will eliminate just to learn seconds
            later that the memory will now change and having to perform a
            highly expensive and often service-disrupting reallocation.</para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist></para>

      <para>At this time, Page Fusion can only be controlled with VBoxManage,
      and only while a VM is shut down. To enable Page Fusion for a VM, use
      the following command:<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --pagefusion on</screen></para>

      <para>You can observe Page Fusion operation using some metrics.
      <computeroutput>RAM/VMM/Shared</computeroutput> shows the total amount
      of fused pages, whereas the per-VM metric
      <computeroutput>Guest/RAM/Usage/Shared</computeroutput> will return the
      amount of fused memory for a given VM. Please refer to <xref
      linkend="metrics" /> for information on how to query metrics.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>
</chapter>