source: vbox/trunk/src/VBox/Devices/PC/BIOS/notes.txt@ 55641

 Notes on BIOS usage
 -------------------

- DOS (including 6.22/7.1) does not need INT 15h or INT 1Ah. Most other
  operating systems require INT 15h to detect installed memory.

- OS/2 (WSeB/MCP/ACP) and Windows 98 SE are some of the very few operating
  systems which use the El Torito floppy emulation.

- NetWare 5.1 is one of the *extremely* few users of El Torito hard disk
  emulation.

- Keystroke check (INT 16h, fn 01h/10h) always enables interrupts on return.
  DOS POWER.EXE depends on that in some situations.

- MS-DOS 6.2/V is a rare user of the INT 15h keyboard intercept routines.

- Some software uses the model byte at F000:FFFE to determine the system
  type (PC-DOS 3.0, Norton Utilities 8). Other software first tries INT 15h,
  fn C0h instead (PC-DOS 3.1, MSD).

- DOS 4.01 (both IBM and Microsoft) calls INT 13h to read from disk with less
  than 100 bytes of stack space early in the boot sequence.

- Very few guests use the 32-bit PCI BIOS interface. One is OS/2 (but falls
  back), another is Etherboot.

- OS/2 is the only known guest which can run the 16-bit PCI BIOS in protected
  mode (but only if the 32-bit PCI BIOS is unavailable).

- NetWare 6.x is the only known guest which uses the PCI BIOS service to read
  the IRQ routing table.

- Any disk reads which use bus-master DMA (AHCI, IDE BM) must use VDS
  (Virtual DMA Services) when present. Otherwise any reads/writes when the
  real mode addresses don't map directly to physical addresses will fail
  horribly. DOS 6.x with EMM386 is a good testcase (esp. loading drivers
  into UMBs).

- Many older OSes (especially UNIX based) require the FDPT to contain
  physical ATA disk geometry; for that reason, disks smaller than ~500MB are
  easiest to use. Otherwise a "large" BIOS disk option would be required.

- Some really old OSes (Xenix circa 1986-7) do not understand the EBDA idea
  and clear the memory. For those, the FDPT must be in the BIOS ROM area, or
  the OS will destroy it (even when it's at 0:300 in the IVT).

- Windows NT (including XP) uses INT 13h/08h to obtain the DPT for each floppy
  drive. NT assumes a 13-byte DPT which includes the number of tracks. NT will
  refuse to read more tracks than the DPT specifies and formats as many tracks
  as the DPT specifies.

- Windows 98 SE boot CD uses 32-bit registers in real mode and will fail in
  mysterious ways if BIOS trashes high bits of EAX (and likely others).

- PC DOS 6.x/7.x QCONFIG is a rare user of INT 16h fn 0Ah (read keyboard ID).

- DOS POWER.EXE uses the real mode APM interface, OS/2 APM.SYS uses the 16-bit
  protected mode APM interface, and Windows 9x uses the 32-bit protected mode
  APM interface.

- Windows 98 is one of the few APM 1.2 users; Windows 95 uses APM 1.1, while
  newer systems prefer ACPI.

- QNX4 calls 16-bit protected-mode PCI BIOS in an environment where ESP is
  16-bit but SS is a 32-bit stack segment. In such environments, using the
  ENTER/LEAVE sequence is fatal if the high word of EBP is non-zero (which
  it will be with QNX 4.25). LEAVE propagates the high word of EBP into ESP
  with fatal consequences.

- Plan 9 also runs 16-bit code with a 32-bit stack segment, except Plan 9
  thinks it counts as real mode. Same ENTER/LEAVE problem as above.

- AIX 1.3 is a rare user of INT 15h/89h (switch to protected mode) service.

- IBM OS/2 1.0/1.1 (but not other versions!) attempt to execute a 286 LOADALL
  instruction. LOADALL must be emulated for OS/2 to work properly. HIMEM.SYS
  version 2.03 and later also contains 286 LOADALL code but this will not be
  executed on 386+ processors.


 Notes on BIOS implementation
 ----------------------------

- To return values from functions not declared as __interrupt, the arguments
  may need to be declared volatile (not ideal, but does the job).

- The way the POST code selectively clears or doesn't clear memory
  is extremely suspect and will need reworking.

- Need to review string routines wrt direction flag (should be OK now).

- Need to review CMOS access wrt interrupts (possible index reg change by
  an interrupt handler).

- The POST code zeroes the entire BDA, and then various bits zero specific
  parts of the BDA again. That's a waste of time.

- After a reset, all interrupts are unmasked. Not sure if that's OK.

- BCC mishandles the following (where buf is an uint8_t array):
  lba=buf[0x2B]*0x1000000+buf[0x2A]*0x10000+buf[0x29]*0x100+buf[0x28];
  The buf[x]*100 expression should end up being of type signed int, which
  causes the sign to be incorrectly propagated. BCC incorrectly keeps
  the type unsigned.

- The PCI BIOS services are implemented in C, compiled twice as 16-bit and
  32-bit code. This reduces the development effort and significantly lowers
  the risk of discrepancies between 16-bit and 32-bit implementation. Care
  must be taken because the 16-bit implementation can be executed in both
  real and protected mode.

- APM can be in theory implemented only once for real, 16-bit protected and
  32-bit protected mode. Unfortunately this is very inconvenient in C since
  the default stack size changes between 16-bit and 32-bit callers. Therefore
  real mode APM (which supports most functions) is implemented in C and
  protected-mode APM is written in assembler for both 16-bit and 32-bit calls,
  with a small 32->16 thunk.

- The -of switch can be used to avoid generating ENTER/LEAVE instructions.
  This appears to be an undocumented and perhaps unintentional side effect.


 Code size notes (code as of 7/6/2011):

 The following values are the size of the _TEXT segment, i.e. only C code;
data defined in C is not included, neither are assembly modules.

 Options:                Size (hex):
 --------                -----------
 -0 -zu -s -oas -ecc     631A
 -3 -zu -s -oas -ecc     5C1E
 -0 -zu -s -oas          578A
 -3 -zu -s -oas          5452
 
 Both generating 386 code and using register-based calling convention for
internal functions brings significant size savings (15% when combined).