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| 16 | <title>XML resources publication guidelines</title>
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| 17 | </head>
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| 18 |
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| 19 | <body bgcolor="#fffacd" text="#000000">
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| 20 | <h1 align="center">XML resources publication guidelines</h1>
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| 21 |
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| 22 | <p></p>
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| 23 |
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| 24 | <p>The goal of this document is to provide a set of guidelines and tips
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| 25 | helping the publication and deployment of <a
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| 26 | href="http://www.w3.org/XML/">XML</a> resources for the <a
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| 27 | href="http://www.gnome.org/">GNOME project</a>. However it is not tied to
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| 28 | GNOME and might be helpful more generally. I welcome <a
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| 29 | href="mailto:[email protected]">feedback</a> on this document.</p>
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| 30 |
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| 31 | <p>The intended audience is the software developers who started using XML
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| 32 | for some of the resources of their project, as a storage format, for data
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| 33 | exchange, checking or transformations. There have been an increasing number
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| 34 | of new XML formats defined, but not all steps have been taken, possibly because of
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| 35 | lack of documentation, to truly gain all the benefits of the use of XML.
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| 36 | These guidelines hope to improve the matter and provide a better overview of
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| 37 | the overall XML processing and associated steps needed to deploy it
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| 38 | successfully:</p>
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| 39 |
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| 40 | <p>Table of contents:</p>
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| 41 | <ol>
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| 42 | <li><a href="#Design">Design guidelines</a></li>
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| 43 | <li><a href="#Canonical">Canonical URL</a></li>
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| 44 | <li><a href="#Catalog">Catalog setup</a></li>
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| 45 | <li><a href="#Package">Package integration</a></li>
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| 46 | </ol>
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| 47 |
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| 48 | <h2><a name="Design">Design guidelines</a></h2>
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| 49 |
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| 50 | <p>This part intends to focus on the format itself of XML. It may arrive
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| 51 | a bit too late since the structure of the document may already be cast in
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| 52 | existing and deployed code. Still, here are a few rules which might be helpful
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| 53 | when designing a new XML vocabulary or making the revision of an existing
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| 54 | format:</p>
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| 55 |
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| 56 | <h3>Reuse existing formats:</h3>
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| 57 |
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| 58 | <p>This may sounds a bit simplistic, but before designing your own format,
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| 59 | try to lookup existing XML vocabularies on similar data. Ideally this allows
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| 60 | you to reuse them, in which case a lot of the existing tools like DTD, schemas
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| 61 | and stylesheets may already be available. If you are looking at a
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| 62 | documentation format, <a href="http://www.docbook.org/">DocBook</a> should
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| 63 | handle your needs. If reuse is not possible because some semantic or use case
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| 64 | aspects are too different this will be helpful avoiding design errors like
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| 65 | targeting the vocabulary to the wrong abstraction level. In this format
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| 66 | design phase try to be synthetic and be sure to express the real content of
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| 67 | your data and use the XML structure to express the semantic and context of
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| 68 | those data.</p>
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| 69 |
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| 70 | <h3>DTD rules:</h3>
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| 71 |
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| 72 | <p>Building a DTD (Document Type Definition) or a Schema describing the
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| 73 | structure allowed by instances is the core of the design process of the
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| 74 | vocabulary. Here are a few tips:</p>
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| 75 | <ul>
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| 76 | <li>use significant words for the element and attributes names.</li>
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| 77 | <li>do not use attributes for general textual content, attributes
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| 78 | will be modified by the parser before reaching the application,
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| 79 | spaces and line information will be modified.</li>
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| 80 | <li>use single elements for every string that might be subject to
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| 81 | localization. The canonical way to localize XML content is to use
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| 82 | siblings element carrying different xml:lang attributes like in the
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| 83 | following:
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| 84 | <pre><welcome>
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| 85 | <msg xml:lang="en">hello</msg>
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| 86 | <msg xml:lang="fr">bonjour</msg>
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| 87 | </welcome></pre>
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| 88 | </li>
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| 89 | <li>use attributes to refine the content of an element but avoid them for
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| 90 | more complex tasks, attribute parsing is not cheaper than an element and
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| 91 | it is far easier to make an element content more complex while attribute
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| 92 | will have to remain very simple.</li>
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| 93 | </ul>
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| 94 |
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| 95 | <h3>Versioning:</h3>
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| 96 |
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| 97 | <p>As part of the design, make sure the structure you define will be usable
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| 98 | for future extension that you may not consider for the current version. There
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| 99 | are two parts to this:</p>
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| 100 | <ul>
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| 101 | <li>Make sure the instance contains a version number which will allow to
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| 102 | make backward compatibility easy. Something as simple as having a
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| 103 | <code>version="1.0"</code> on the root document of the instance is
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| 104 | sufficient.</li>
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| 105 | <li>While designing the code doing the analysis of the data provided by the
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| 106 | XML parser, make sure you can work with unknown versions, generate a UI
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| 107 | warning and process only the tags recognized by your version but keep in
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| 108 | mind that you should not break on unknown elements if the version
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| 109 | attribute was not in the recognized set.</li>
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| 110 | </ul>
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| 111 |
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| 112 | <h3>Other design parts:</h3>
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| 113 |
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| 114 | <p>While defining you vocabulary, try to think in term of other usage of your
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| 115 | data, for example how using XSLT stylesheets could be used to make an HTML
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| 116 | view of your data, or to convert it into a different format. Checking XML
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| 117 | Schemas and looking at defining an XML Schema with a more complete
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| 118 | validation and datatyping of your data structures is important, this helps
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| 119 | avoiding some mistakes in the design phase.</p>
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| 120 |
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| 121 | <h3>Namespace:</h3>
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| 122 |
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| 123 | <p>If you expect your XML vocabulary to be used or recognized outside of your
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| 124 | application (for example binding a specific processing from a graphic shell
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| 125 | like Nautilus to an instance of your data) then you should really define an <a
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| 126 | href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/">XML namespace</a> for your
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| 127 | vocabulary. A namespace name is an URL (absolute URI more precisely). It is
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| 128 | generally recommended to anchor it as an HTTP resource to a server associated
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| 129 | with the software project. See the next section about this. In practice this
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| 130 | will mean that XML parsers will not handle your element names as-is but as a
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| 131 | couple based on the namespace name and the element name. This allows it to
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| 132 | recognize and disambiguate processing. Unicity of the namespace name can be
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| 133 | for the most part guaranteed by the use of the DNS registry. Namespace can
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| 134 | also be used to carry versioning information like:</p>
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| 135 |
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| 136 | <p><code>"http://www.gnome.org/project/projectname/1.0/"</code></p>
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| 137 |
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| 138 | <p>An easy way to use them is to make them the default namespace on the
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| 139 | root element of the XML instance like:</p>
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| 140 | <pre><structure xmlns="http://www.gnome.org/project/projectname/1.0/">
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| 141 | <data>
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| 142 | ...
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| 143 | </data>
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| 144 | </structure></pre>
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| 145 |
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| 146 | <p>In that document, structure and all descendant elements like data are in
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| 147 | the given namespace.</p>
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| 148 |
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| 149 | <h2><a name="Canonical">Canonical URL</a></h2>
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| 150 |
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| 151 | <p>As seen in the previous namespace section, while XML processing is not
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| 152 | tied to the Web there is a natural synergy between both. XML was designed to
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| 153 | be available on the Web, and keeping the infrastructure that way helps
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| 154 | deploying the XML resources. The core of this issue is the notion of
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| 155 | "Canonical URL" of an XML resource. The resource can be an XML document, a
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| 156 | DTD, a stylesheet, a schema, or even non-XML data associated with an XML
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| 157 | resource, the canonical URL is the URL where the "master" copy of that
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| 158 | resource is expected to be present on the Web. Usually when processing XML a
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| 159 | copy of the resource will be present on the local disk, maybe in
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| 160 | /usr/share/xml or /usr/share/sgml maybe in /opt or even on C:\projectname\
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| 161 | (horror !). The key point is that the way to name that resource should be
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| 162 | independent of the actual place where it resides on disk if it is available,
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| 163 | and the fact that the processing will still work if there is no local copy
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| 164 | (and that the machine where the processing is connected to the Internet).</p>
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| 165 |
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| 166 | <p>What this really means is that one should never use the local name of a
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| 167 | resource to reference it but always use the canonical URL. For example in a
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| 168 | DocBook instance the following should not be used:</p>
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| 169 | <pre><!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"<br>
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| 170 |
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| 171 |
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| 172 | "/usr/share/xml/docbook/4.2/docbookx.dtd"></pre>
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| 173 |
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| 174 | <p>But always reference the canonical URL for the DTD:</p>
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| 175 | <pre><!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"<br>
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| 176 |
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| 177 |
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| 178 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"> </pre>
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| 179 |
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| 180 | <p>Similarly, the document instance may reference the <a
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| 181 | href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt">XSLT</a> stylesheets needed to process it to
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| 182 | generate HTML, and the canonical URL should be used:</p>
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| 183 | <pre><?xml-stylesheet
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| 184 | href="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current/html/docbook.xsl"
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| 185 | type="text/xsl"?></pre>
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| 186 |
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| 187 | <p>Defining the canonical URL for the resources needed should obey a few
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| 188 | simple rules similar to those used to design namespace names:</p>
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| 189 | <ul>
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| 190 | <li>use a DNS name you know is associated to the project and will be
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| 191 | available on the long term</li>
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| 192 | <li>within that server space, reserve the right to the subtree where you
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| 193 | intend to keep those data</li>
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| 194 | <li>version the URL so that multiple concurrent versions of the resources
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| 195 | can be hosted simultaneously</li>
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| 196 | </ul>
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| 197 |
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| 198 | <h2><a name="Catalog">Catalog setup</a></h2>
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| 199 |
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| 200 | <h3>How catalogs work:</h3>
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| 201 |
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| 202 | <p>The catalogs are the technical mechanism which allow the XML processing
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| 203 | tools to use a local copy of the resources if it is available even if the
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| 204 | instance document references the canonical URL. <a
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| 205 | href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/">XML Catalogs</a> are
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| 206 | anchored in the root catalog (usually <code>/etc/xml/catalog</code> or
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| 207 | defined by the user). They are a tree of XML documents defining the mappings
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| 208 | between the canonical naming space and the local installed ones, this can be
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| 209 | seen as a static cache structure.</p>
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| 210 |
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| 211 | <p>When the XML processor is asked to process a resource it will
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| 212 | automatically test for a locally available version in the catalog, starting
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| 213 | from the root catalog, and possibly fetching sub-catalog resources until it
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| 214 | finds that the catalog has that resource or not. If not the default
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| 215 | processing of fetching the resource from the Web is done, allowing in most
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| 216 | case to recover from a catalog miss. The key point is that the document
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| 217 | instances are totally independent of the availability of a catalog or from
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| 218 | the actual place where the local resource they reference may be installed.
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| 219 | This greatly improves the management of the documents in the long run, making
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| 220 | them independent of the platform or toolchain used to process them. The
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| 221 | figure below tries to express that mechanism:<img src="catalog.gif"
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| 222 | alt="Picture describing the catalog "></p>
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| 223 |
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| 224 | <h3>Usual catalog setup:</h3>
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| 225 |
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| 226 | <p>Usually catalogs for a project are setup as a 2 level hierarchical cache,
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| 227 | the root catalog containing only "delegates" indicating a separate subcatalog
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| 228 | dedicated to the project. The goal is to keep the root catalog clean and
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| 229 | simplify the maintenance of the catalog by using separate catalogs per
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| 230 | project. For example when creating a catalog for the <a
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| 231 | href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1">XHTML1</a> DTDs, only 3 items are added to
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| 232 | the root catalog:</p>
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| 233 | <pre> <delegatePublic publicIdStartString="-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0"
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| 234 | catalog="file:///usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog"/>
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| 235 | <delegateSystem systemIdStartString="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD"
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| 236 | catalog="file:///usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog"/>
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| 237 | <delegateURI uriStartString="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD"
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| 238 | catalog="file:///usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog"/></pre>
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| 239 |
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| 240 | <p>They are all "delegates" meaning that if the catalog system is asked to
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| 241 | resolve a reference corresponding to them, it has to lookup a sub catalog.
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| 242 | Here the subcatalog was installed as
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| 243 | <code>/usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog</code> in the local tree. That
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| 244 | decision is left to the sysadmin or the packager for that system and may
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| 245 | obey different rules, but the actual place on the filesystem (or on a
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| 246 | resource cache on the local network) will not influence the processing as
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| 247 | long as it is available. The first rule indicate that if the reference uses a
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| 248 | PUBLIC identifier beginning with the</p>
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| 249 |
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| 250 | <p><code>"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0"</code></p>
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| 251 |
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| 252 | <p>substring, then the catalog lookup should be limited to the specific given
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| 253 | lookup catalog. Similarly the second and third entries indicate those
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| 254 | delegation rules for SYSTEM, DOCTYPE or normal URI references when the URL
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| 255 | starts with the <code>"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD"</code> substring
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| 256 | which indicates the location on the W3C server where the XHTML1 resources are
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| 257 | stored. Those are the beginning of all Canonical URLs for XHTML1 resources.
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| 258 | Those three rules are sufficient in practice to capture all references to XHTML1
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| 259 | resources and direct the processing tools to the right subcatalog.</p>
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| 260 |
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| 261 | <h3>A subcatalog example:</h3>
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| 262 |
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| 263 | <p>Here is the complete subcatalog used for XHTML1:</p>
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| 264 | <pre><?xml version="1.0"?>
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| 265 | <!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN"
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| 266 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
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| 267 | <catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog">
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| 268 | <public publicId="-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
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| 269 | uri="xhtml1-20020801/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"/>
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| 270 | <public publicId="-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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| 271 | uri="xhtml1-20020801/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"/>
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| 272 | <public publicId="-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN"
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| 273 | uri="xhtml1-20020801/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd"/>
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| 274 | <rewriteSystem systemIdStartString="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD"
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| 275 | rewritePrefix="xhtml1-20020801/DTD"/>
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| 276 | <rewriteURI uriStartString="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD"
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| 277 | rewritePrefix="xhtml1-20020801/DTD"/>
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| 278 | </catalog></pre>
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| 279 |
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| 280 | <p>There are a few things to notice:</p>
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| 281 | <ul>
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| 282 | <li>this is an XML resource, it points to the DTD using Canonical URLs, the
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| 283 | root element defines a namespace (but based on an URN not an HTTP
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| 284 | URL).</li>
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| 285 | <li>it contains 5 rules, the 3 first ones are direct mapping for the 3
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| 286 | PUBLIC identifiers defined by the XHTML1 specification and associating
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| 287 | them with the local resource containing the DTD, the 2 last ones are
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| 288 | rewrite rules allowing to build the local filename for any URL based on
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| 289 | "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD", the local cache simplifies the rules by
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| 290 | keeping the same structure as the on-line server at the Canonical URL</li>
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| 291 | <li>the local resources are designated using URI references (the uri or
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| 292 | rewritePrefix attributes), the base being the containing sub-catalog URL,
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| 293 | which means that in practice the copy of the XHTML1 strict DTD is stored
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| 294 | locally in
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| 295 | <code>/usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog/xhtml1-20020801/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd</code></li>
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| 296 | </ul>
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| 297 |
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| 298 | <p>Those 5 rules are sufficient to cover all references to the resources held
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| 299 | at the Canonical URL for the XHTML1 DTDs.</p>
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| 300 |
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| 301 | <h2><a name="Package">Package integration</a></h2>
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| 302 |
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| 303 | <p>Creating and removing catalogs should be handled as part of the process of
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| 304 | (un)installing the local copy of the resources. The catalog files being XML
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| 305 | resources should be processed with XML based tools to avoid problems with the
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| 306 | generated files, the xmlcatalog command coming with libxml2 allows you to create
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| 307 | catalogs, and add or remove rules at that time. Here is a complete example
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| 308 | coming from the RPM for the XHTML1 DTDs post install script. While this example
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| 309 | is platform and packaging specific, this can be useful as a an example in
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| 310 | other contexts:</p>
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| 311 | <pre>%post
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| 312 | CATALOG=/usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog
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| 313 | #
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| 314 | # Register it in the super catalog with the appropriate delegates
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| 315 | #
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| 316 | ROOTCATALOG=/etc/xml/catalog
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| 317 |
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| 318 | if [ ! -r $ROOTCATALOG ]
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| 319 | then
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| 320 | /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --create $ROOTCATALOG
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| 321 | fi
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| 322 |
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| 323 | if [ -w $ROOTCATALOG ]
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| 324 | then
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| 325 | /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --add "delegatePublic" \
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| 326 | "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0" \
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| 327 | "file://$CATALOG" $ROOTCATALOG
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| 328 | /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --add "delegateSystem" \
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| 329 | "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD" \
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| 330 | "file://$CATALOG" $ROOTCATALOG
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| 331 | /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --add "delegateURI" \
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| 332 | "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD" \
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| 333 | "file://$CATALOG" $ROOTCATALOG
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| 334 | fi</pre>
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| 335 |
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| 336 | <p>The XHTML1 subcatalog is not created on-the-fly in that case, it is
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| 337 | installed as part of the files of the packages. So the only work needed is to
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| 338 | make sure the root catalog exists and register the delegate rules.</p>
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| 339 |
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| 340 | <p>Similarly, the script for the post-uninstall just remove the rules from the
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| 341 | catalog:</p>
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| 342 | <pre>%postun
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| 343 | #
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| 344 | # On removal, unregister the xmlcatalog from the supercatalog
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| 345 | #
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| 346 | if [ "$1" = 0 ]; then
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| 347 | CATALOG=/usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog
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| 348 | ROOTCATALOG=/etc/xml/catalog
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| 349 |
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| 350 | if [ -w $ROOTCATALOG ]
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| 351 | then
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| 352 | /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --del \
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| 353 | "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0" $ROOTCATALOG
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| 354 | /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --del \
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| 355 | "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD" $ROOTCATALOG
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| 356 | /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --del \
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| 357 | "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD" $ROOTCATALOG
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| 358 | fi
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| 359 | fi</pre>
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| 360 |
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| 361 | <p>Note the test against $1, this is needed to not remove the delegate rules
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| 362 | in case of upgrade of the package.</p>
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| 363 |
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| 364 | <p>Following the set of guidelines and tips provided in this document should
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| 365 | help deploy the XML resources in the GNOME framework without much pain and
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| 366 | ensure a smooth evolution of the resource and instances.</p>
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| 367 |
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| 368 | <p><a href="mailto:[email protected]">Daniel Veillard</a></p>
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| 369 |
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| 370 | <p>$Id$</p>
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| 371 |
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| 372 | <p></p>
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| 373 | </body>
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| 374 | </html>
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