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1Tiny Code Generator - Fabrice Bellard.
2
31) Introduction
4
5TCG (Tiny Code Generator) began as a generic backend for a C
6compiler. It was simplified to be used in QEMU. It also has its roots
7in the QOP code generator written by Paul Brook.
8
92) Definitions
10
11The TCG "target" is the architecture for which we generate the
12code. It is of course not the same as the "target" of QEMU which is
13the emulated architecture. As TCG started as a generic C backend used
14for cross compiling, it is assumed that the TCG target is different
15from the host, although it is never the case for QEMU.
16
17A TCG "function" corresponds to a QEMU Translated Block (TB).
18
19A TCG "temporary" is a variable only live in a basic
20block. Temporaries are allocated explicitly in each function.
21
22A TCG "local temporary" is a variable only live in a function. Local
23temporaries are allocated explicitly in each function.
24
25A TCG "global" is a variable which is live in all the functions
26(equivalent of a C global variable). They are defined before the
27functions defined. A TCG global can be a memory location (e.g. a QEMU
28CPU register), a fixed host register (e.g. the QEMU CPU state pointer)
29or a memory location which is stored in a register outside QEMU TBs
30(not implemented yet).
31
32A TCG "basic block" corresponds to a list of instructions terminated
33by a branch instruction.
34
353) Intermediate representation
36
373.1) Introduction
38
39TCG instructions operate on variables which are temporaries, local
40temporaries or globals. TCG instructions and variables are strongly
41typed. Two types are supported: 32 bit integers and 64 bit
42integers. Pointers are defined as an alias to 32 bit or 64 bit
43integers depending on the TCG target word size.
44
45Each instruction has a fixed number of output variable operands, input
46variable operands and always constant operands.
47
48The notable exception is the call instruction which has a variable
49number of outputs and inputs.
50
51In the textual form, output operands usually come first, followed by
52input operands, followed by constant operands. The output type is
53included in the instruction name. Constants are prefixed with a '$'.
54
55add_i32 t0, t1, t2 (t0 <- t1 + t2)
56
573.2) Assumptions
58
59* Basic blocks
60
61- Basic blocks end after branches (e.g. brcond_i32 instruction),
62 goto_tb and exit_tb instructions.
63- Basic blocks start after the end of a previous basic block, or at a
64 set_label instruction.
65
66After the end of a basic block, the content of temporaries is
67destroyed, but local temporaries and globals are preserved.
68
69* Floating point types are not supported yet
70
71* Pointers: depending on the TCG target, pointer size is 32 bit or 64
72 bit. The type TCG_TYPE_PTR is an alias to TCG_TYPE_I32 or
73 TCG_TYPE_I64.
74
75* Helpers:
76
77Using the tcg_gen_helper_x_y it is possible to call any function
78taking i32, i64 or pointer types. By default, before calling an helper,
79all globals are stored at their canonical location and it is assumed
80that the function can modify them. This can be overriden by the
81TCG_CALL_CONST function modifier. By default, the helper is allowed to
82modify the CPU state or raise an exception. This can be overriden by
83the TCG_CALL_PURE function modifier, in which case the call to the
84function is removed if the return value is not used.
85
86On some TCG targets (e.g. x86), several calling conventions are
87supported.
88
89* Branches:
90
91Use the instruction 'br' to jump to a label. Use 'jmp' to jump to an
92explicit address. Conditional branches can only jump to labels.
93
943.3) Code Optimizations
95
96When generating instructions, you can count on at least the following
97optimizations:
98
99- Single instructions are simplified, e.g.
100
101 and_i32 t0, t0, $0xffffffff
102
103 is suppressed.
104
105- A liveness analysis is done at the basic block level. The
106 information is used to suppress moves from a dead variable to
107 another one. It is also used to remove instructions which compute
108 dead results. The later is especially useful for condition code
109 optimization in QEMU.
110
111 In the following example:
112
113 add_i32 t0, t1, t2
114 add_i32 t0, t0, $1
115 mov_i32 t0, $1
116
117 only the last instruction is kept.
118
1193.4) Instruction Reference
120
121********* Function call
122
123* call <ret> <params> ptr
124
125call function 'ptr' (pointer type)
126
127<ret> optional 32 bit or 64 bit return value
128<params> optional 32 bit or 64 bit parameters
129
130********* Jumps/Labels
131
132* jmp t0
133
134Absolute jump to address t0 (pointer type).
135
136* set_label $label
137
138Define label 'label' at the current program point.
139
140* br $label
141
142Jump to label.
143
144* brcond_i32/i64 cond, t0, t1, label
145
146Conditional jump if t0 cond t1 is true. cond can be:
147 TCG_COND_EQ
148 TCG_COND_NE
149 TCG_COND_LT /* signed */
150 TCG_COND_GE /* signed */
151 TCG_COND_LE /* signed */
152 TCG_COND_GT /* signed */
153 TCG_COND_LTU /* unsigned */
154 TCG_COND_GEU /* unsigned */
155 TCG_COND_LEU /* unsigned */
156 TCG_COND_GTU /* unsigned */
157
158********* Arithmetic
159
160* add_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
161
162t0=t1+t2
163
164* sub_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
165
166t0=t1-t2
167
168* neg_i32/i64 t0, t1
169
170t0=-t1 (two's complement)
171
172* mul_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
173
174t0=t1*t2
175
176* div_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
177
178t0=t1/t2 (signed). Undefined behavior if division by zero or overflow.
179
180* divu_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
181
182t0=t1/t2 (unsigned). Undefined behavior if division by zero.
183
184* rem_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
185
186t0=t1%t2 (signed). Undefined behavior if division by zero or overflow.
187
188* remu_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
189
190t0=t1%t2 (unsigned). Undefined behavior if division by zero.
191
192********* Logical
193
194* and_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
195
196t0=t1&t2
197
198* or_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
199
200t0=t1|t2
201
202* xor_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
203
204t0=t1^t2
205
206* not_i32/i64 t0, t1
207
208t0=~t1
209
210* andc_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
211
212t0=t1&~t2
213
214* eqv_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
215
216t0=~(t1^t2), or equivalently, t0=t1^~t2
217
218* nand_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
219
220t0=~(t1&t2)
221
222* nor_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
223
224t0=~(t1|t2)
225
226* orc_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
227
228t0=t1|~t2
229
230********* Shifts/Rotates
231
232* shl_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
233
234t0=t1 << t2. Undefined behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)
235
236* shr_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
237
238t0=t1 >> t2 (unsigned). Undefined behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)
239
240* sar_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
241
242t0=t1 >> t2 (signed). Undefined behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)
243
244* rotl_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
245
246Rotation of t2 bits to the left. Undefined behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)
247
248* rotr_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
249
250Rotation of t2 bits to the right. Undefined behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)
251
252********* Misc
253
254* mov_i32/i64 t0, t1
255
256t0 = t1
257
258Move t1 to t0 (both operands must have the same type).
259
260* ext8s_i32/i64 t0, t1
261ext8u_i32/i64 t0, t1
262ext16s_i32/i64 t0, t1
263ext16u_i32/i64 t0, t1
264ext32s_i64 t0, t1
265ext32u_i64 t0, t1
266
2678, 16 or 32 bit sign/zero extension (both operands must have the same type)
268
269* bswap16_i32/i64 t0, t1
270
27116 bit byte swap on a 32/64 bit value. It assumes that the two/six high order
272bytes are set to zero.
273
274* bswap32_i32/i64 t0, t1
275
27632 bit byte swap on a 32/64 bit value. With a 64 bit value, it assumes that
277the four high order bytes are set to zero.
278
279* bswap64_i64 t0, t1
280
28164 bit byte swap
282
283* discard_i32/i64 t0
284
285Indicate that the value of t0 won't be used later. It is useful to
286force dead code elimination.
287
288********* Conditional moves
289
290* setcond_i32/i64 cond, dest, t1, t2
291
292dest = (t1 cond t2)
293
294Set DEST to 1 if (T1 cond T2) is true, otherwise set to 0.
295
296********* Type conversions
297
298* ext_i32_i64 t0, t1
299Convert t1 (32 bit) to t0 (64 bit) and does sign extension
300
301* extu_i32_i64 t0, t1
302Convert t1 (32 bit) to t0 (64 bit) and does zero extension
303
304* trunc_i64_i32 t0, t1
305Truncate t1 (64 bit) to t0 (32 bit)
306
307* concat_i32_i64 t0, t1, t2
308Construct t0 (64-bit) taking the low half from t1 (32 bit) and the high half
309from t2 (32 bit).
310
311* concat32_i64 t0, t1, t2
312Construct t0 (64-bit) taking the low half from t1 (64 bit) and the high half
313from t2 (64 bit).
314
315********* Load/Store
316
317* ld_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
318ld8s_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
319ld8u_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
320ld16s_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
321ld16u_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
322ld32s_i64 t0, t1, offset
323ld32u_i64 t0, t1, offset
324
325t0 = read(t1 + offset)
326Load 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits with or without sign extension from host memory.
327offset must be a constant.
328
329* st_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
330st8_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
331st16_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset
332st32_i64 t0, t1, offset
333
334write(t0, t1 + offset)
335Write 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits to host memory.
336
337********* 64-bit target on 32-bit host support
338
339The following opcodes are internal to TCG. Thus they are to be implemented by
34032-bit host code generators, but are not to be emitted by guest translators.
341They are emitted as needed by inline functions within "tcg-op.h".
342
343* brcond2_i32 cond, t0_low, t0_high, t1_low, t1_high, label
344
345Similar to brcond, except that the 64-bit values T0 and T1
346are formed from two 32-bit arguments.
347
348* add2_i32 t0_low, t0_high, t1_low, t1_high, t2_low, t2_high
349* sub2_i32 t0_low, t0_high, t1_low, t1_high, t2_low, t2_high
350
351Similar to add/sub, except that the 64-bit inputs T1 and T2 are
352formed from two 32-bit arguments, and the 64-bit output T0
353is returned in two 32-bit outputs.
354
355* mulu2_i32 t0_low, t0_high, t1, t2
356
357Similar to mul, except two 32-bit (unsigned) inputs T1 and T2 yielding
358the full 64-bit product T0. The later is returned in two 32-bit outputs.
359
360* setcond2_i32 cond, dest, t1_low, t1_high, t2_low, t2_high
361
362Similar to setcond, except that the 64-bit values T1 and T2 are
363formed from two 32-bit arguments. The result is a 32-bit value.
364
365********* QEMU specific operations
366
367* tb_exit t0
368
369Exit the current TB and return the value t0 (word type).
370
371* goto_tb index
372
373Exit the current TB and jump to the TB index 'index' (constant) if the
374current TB was linked to this TB. Otherwise execute the next
375instructions.
376
377* qemu_ld8u t0, t1, flags
378qemu_ld8s t0, t1, flags
379qemu_ld16u t0, t1, flags
380qemu_ld16s t0, t1, flags
381qemu_ld32 t0, t1, flags
382qemu_ld32u t0, t1, flags
383qemu_ld32s t0, t1, flags
384qemu_ld64 t0, t1, flags
385
386Load data at the QEMU CPU address t1 into t0. t1 has the QEMU CPU address
387type. 'flags' contains the QEMU memory index (selects user or kernel access)
388for example.
389
390Note that "qemu_ld32" implies a 32-bit result, while "qemu_ld32u" and
391"qemu_ld32s" imply a 64-bit result appropriately extended from 32 bits.
392
393* qemu_st8 t0, t1, flags
394qemu_st16 t0, t1, flags
395qemu_st32 t0, t1, flags
396qemu_st64 t0, t1, flags
397
398Store the data t0 at the QEMU CPU Address t1. t1 has the QEMU CPU
399address type. 'flags' contains the QEMU memory index (selects user or
400kernel access) for example.
401
402Note 1: Some shortcuts are defined when the last operand is known to be
403a constant (e.g. addi for add, movi for mov).
404
405Note 2: When using TCG, the opcodes must never be generated directly
406as some of them may not be available as "real" opcodes. Always use the
407function tcg_gen_xxx(args).
408
4094) Backend
410
411tcg-target.h contains the target specific definitions. tcg-target.c
412contains the target specific code.
413
4144.1) Assumptions
415
416The target word size (TCG_TARGET_REG_BITS) is expected to be 32 bit or
41764 bit. It is expected that the pointer has the same size as the word.
418
419On a 32 bit target, all 64 bit operations are converted to 32 bits. A
420few specific operations must be implemented to allow it (see add2_i32,
421sub2_i32, brcond2_i32).
422
423Floating point operations are not supported in this version. A
424previous incarnation of the code generator had full support of them,
425but it is better to concentrate on integer operations first.
426
427On a 64 bit target, no assumption is made in TCG about the storage of
428the 32 bit values in 64 bit registers.
429
4304.2) Constraints
431
432GCC like constraints are used to define the constraints of every
433instruction. Memory constraints are not supported in this
434version. Aliases are specified in the input operands as for GCC.
435
436The same register may be used for both an input and an output, even when
437they are not explicitly aliased. If an op expands to multiple target
438instructions then care must be taken to avoid clobbering input values.
439GCC style "early clobber" outputs are not currently supported.
440
441A target can define specific register or constant constraints. If an
442operation uses a constant input constraint which does not allow all
443constants, it must also accept registers in order to have a fallback.
444
445The movi_i32 and movi_i64 operations must accept any constants.
446
447The mov_i32 and mov_i64 operations must accept any registers of the
448same type.
449
450The ld/st instructions must accept signed 32 bit constant offsets. It
451can be implemented by reserving a specific register to compute the
452address if the offset is too big.
453
454The ld/st instructions must accept any destination (ld) or source (st)
455register.
456
4574.3) Function call assumptions
458
459- The only supported types for parameters and return value are: 32 and
460 64 bit integers and pointer.
461- The stack grows downwards.
462- The first N parameters are passed in registers.
463- The next parameters are passed on the stack by storing them as words.
464- Some registers are clobbered during the call.
465- The function can return 0 or 1 value in registers. On a 32 bit
466 target, functions must be able to return 2 values in registers for
467 64 bit return type.
468
4695) Recommended coding rules for best performance
470
471- Use globals to represent the parts of the QEMU CPU state which are
472 often modified, e.g. the integer registers and the condition
473 codes. TCG will be able to use host registers to store them.
474
475- Avoid globals stored in fixed registers. They must be used only to
476 store the pointer to the CPU state and possibly to store a pointer
477 to a register window.
478
479- Use temporaries. Use local temporaries only when really needed,
480 e.g. when you need to use a value after a jump. Local temporaries
481 introduce a performance hit in the current TCG implementation: their
482 content is saved to memory at end of each basic block.
483
484- Free temporaries and local temporaries when they are no longer used
485 (tcg_temp_free). Since tcg_const_x() also creates a temporary, you
486 should free it after it is used. Freeing temporaries does not yield
487 a better generated code, but it reduces the memory usage of TCG and
488 the speed of the translation.
489
490- Don't hesitate to use helpers for complicated or seldom used target
491 intructions. There is little performance advantage in using TCG to
492 implement target instructions taking more than about twenty TCG
493 instructions.
494
495- Use the 'discard' instruction if you know that TCG won't be able to
496 prove that a given global is "dead" at a given program point. The
497 x86 target uses it to improve the condition codes optimisation.
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